A Phenomenon Of Renaissance - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 4 Words: 1302 Downloads: 6 Date added: 2019/05/28 Category Art Essay Level High school Tags: Renaissance Essay Did you like this example? One recalls the not-so distant polemics around the place of Islam in the European Renaissance. What if Europe did not owe its knowledge to Islam? Many historians reject the idea that the science of the Greeks has been transmitted to the West by the Muslim world. Contrary to the crescendo that has been repeated since the 1960s, European culture, in its history and development, has much to do with Islam. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "A Phenomenon Of Renaissance" essay for you Create order The division of the world between the West and the East goes back to ancient Greece, and for a thousand years, it has played out an eternal confrontation between two conceptions of the world. During the Middle Ages, two civilizations faced each other. One mixed Greek heritage with the message of the Gospels, the scientific spirit rooted in a religious tradition of which the Church was the guarantor. The other was the daughter of the Book of God, the Uncreated Book. It was primarily moored to its central axis, the Quran. And it is, of course, in France that the Renaissance appeared. It represented for this nationalist historian a break with the dark age of the Middle Ages, a victory of the ideas of Reason, Truth, Art and Beauty. The Renaissance is truly the definitive portrait of an Italian phenomenon of the fifteenth century. This therefore allowed the creation of the modern individual characterized by the revival of classical culture. This vision shaped our imagination and led us to understand the Renaissance not as a historical period but as a spirit that seems to define more the ideal of these intellectuals for the nineteenth century than the historical reality. One of the problems with these classical definitions of Renaissance is that they celebrate the achievements of European civilization to the exclusion of all others, especially where laws applied to guard humanity (Code of Hammurabi). Introducing The Persian Empire as a celebrated culture, because of its particularly intelligent way in governing. Each province was governed to the nine, which is perfectly reflected in how Hammurabi sought to keep his law down to each detail, â€Å"These judgments of righteousness did Hammurabi the mighty king confirm, and caused the land to take on a sure government and a beneficent rule (Code of Hammurabi 3). Driven by success, organized and logically placed governance set the stage for western society to take after. The Persian government system further created social as well as political examples for empires that would later rise into society. Beginning with the greatest empire yet, the Persian Empire, King Cyrus began expanding the boundaries of Persia into the neo-Babylonian empire – one of the greatest early western civilizations. Through expanding its boundaries, the Persians focused on increasing trade throughout their kingdom. The Persian Empire became an extraordinary empire that was multi-lingual, multi-faith, and carried much political loyalty. By standardizing weights, officiating coinage, and implementing societal laws, the Persians opened doors to opposing nations and beyond. It is not a coincidence that the period in which the term, Renaissance, was invented was also the moment in history when Europe proclaimed with the greatest aggressiveness its imperialist domination of the globe. Translated in English, in On the Harmony of Religions and Philosophy, Ibn Rushd introduced the idea that philosophy works together with religion to develop the notion of a synthesis of faith and reason. This Islamic philosophy heavily influenced the west and further suggested the idea that God exists independent of bible. Until the eighth century, Greek philosophy was seen with great suspicion. Conservative thinkers in the west explicitly believed that scripture, like the bible, was the only proof of the relationship between God and his creation. Western thinkers were unable to see the study of philosophy, where reason is understood as the standard for themes like morality and religion. Faith and reason are heavily dependent on sacred writings backed by a theoretical rationa le. Inspired by this philosophy, the west gained the idea that you did not have to be Christian to have a conception of God. The concept that it is vital that you account your own journey of faith, because â€Å"it is necessary for one who wants to know God as He ought to be known to acquaint himself with the essence of things, so that he may get information about the creation of all things† (Ibn Rushd). This was the dawn of the philosophical idea that inspired thinkers like St. Thomas Aquinas to believe that faith comes after reason, and further faith enables a person to understand what couldn’t be understood through the previous theories of religion alone. The exchanges with the Ottoman Empire, however, have profoundly changed the tastes and possibilities in the west of the continent and contributed to the birth of the modern world. Oriental imports covered a wide range of products, from cotton spices, satin carpets, tulips to porcelain and horses, pigments, and so on. The palette of painters has also been enlarged and brought to the paintings of the Renaissance the bright blue and red that characterize them. It is the Arab and Islamic trade practices that have spread, and imposed the Indo-Arab figures, the use of the comma the signs of addition (+), subtraction (-) and multiplication ( x). Not only objects from the east that were shown on the paintings (including inscriptions in Arabic on the Virgins clothes), but also the painters themselves. A case in point is the many artists who went to Istanbul and reported motifs inspired by Ottoman and Persian traditions. The flows in the scientific field, especially from East to West, were no less dense. Even the fall of Constantinople in 1453 was seen with moderation by many Christians. The period of the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries was, therefore, that of a tremendous commercial and financial boom, a breathtaking dynamism of which all the protagonists were aware. It was the breeding ground of humanism that was part of that era in which enrichment, power and greed were glorified. The very practical concerns of humanists are brought to light by the Italian writer Petrarch, who advocated both the personal quest for philosophical truth and the practical ability to operate effectively in society through rhetoric and persuasion. Montesquieu was a French writer that voiced his strong opinions about the Parisian society through the Persian Letters. This series of 161 letters reveals the true jealousy and wit the French had towards the Persians during the late eighteenth century. True criticism is revealed within the letters, as concise and clear statements are made to express the Europeans’ high grade of self-esteem. From the western point of view, people thought â€Å"[The King of France] has often been heard to say that of all the governments of the world, that of the Turks or that of our own august sultan pleased him most, so greatly he affected the oriental style of politics† (Montesquieu 1). The text, thereafter, criticizes Middle Eastern society in their ways of politics, culture, religion, and social structure. The so-called cultural domination over non-Western people forever inspires the future of the West to live up to these unrighteous virtues of superiority. Montesquieu therefore is t he initial culprit of Western thought of domination over foreign countries – in this case, the Middle East. The deeply rooted culture of western world is considerably thought to be original and ever so inspired by their earliest civilizations. Many unfortunately look past the Middle East’s incredible sciences, math, social conduct, great thinkers, scholars, and innovations. Orientalism, an idea introduced by Edward Siad, truly transformed the vision of the relationship between the West and East. Understanding that western culture was to believe that the Middle East was essentially timeless, further helps us understand that this was just a faà §ade. Through the exchange of ideas through conquest and trade, we are now able to grasp that notion the west acquired great inspiration from the Middle East.

Analysis on the Bride Comes to Yellow Sky Essay - 623 Words

Analysis of The Bride Comes to Yellow Sky Set on the Texas frontier, â€Å"The Bride Comes to Yellow Sky† is a short story in which the setting plays a major role in symbolizing the changes in western civilization, as the East flows into the old West. The theme of the story is that change is inevitable whether one likes it or not it is going to eventually happen. This story uses symbolism to put images in our minds of the old West and the new West as well as how the characters are portrayed throughout the story. In part one, Crain uses Jack Potter, the protagonist traveling from the old West, which is somewhat civilized, to meet and marry a woman that is older and more civilized from the East. The writer then uses their travels on a†¦show more content†¦Scratchy is also referred to as a â€Å"spectacle† (249) meaning he is similar to a child putting on a show. In part four the focus is on Jack and his new bride walking â€Å"sheepishly†(249) meaning that they both feel consciously at fault or embarrassed for their marriage. Scratchy is portrayed as having the attributes of a snake in the sentence â€Å"gazing at the apparitional snake† and as he â€Å"thrust his revolver venomously forward† (249). Through the marriage of Jack and his new bride Scratchy â€Å"was like a creature allowed a glimpse of another world† signifying that he can finally see civilization settling into the new West. Then Scratchy calls off the gun fight knowing there is nothing left for him in the old West and he must become more civilized. One can see that symbolism is strongly used throughout the story to represent eastern civilization approaching and enveloping the West as the West becomes more civilized. The symbolism is seen mainly through the setting of the story and the marriage of Jack and his new bride. We can also tell the character of the people in the story through visuals of their attire and how the narrator describes this in theShow MoreRelated Character and Setting Analysis of Bride Comes to Yellow Sky Essay729 Words   |  3 PagesCharacter and Setting Analysis of Bride Comes to Yellow Sky Setting and characters go hand in hand in The Bride Comes to Yellow Sky. With Each new setting there is at least one new character development. A new setting in each part of the story makes for diverse settings and characters. From a train leaving San Antonio to around the corner in a small town in Texas, a drunken gunslinger to negro waiters, this story has it all. This story begins on a train specifically in a parlor car. 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Different Types of Management Styles free essay sample

Law enforcement management is a process of deciding goals and objectives, adopting a work plan to accomplish them, obtaining and wisely using resources and making decisions that result in a high level of performance and productivity. Difference in Authority, Responsibility, and Delegation: Authority, law, and delegation are key factors in any organization. Authority is the power to enforce laws, exact obedience, and command. It is the legal right to get things done through others by influencing behavior. Responsibility means being answerable, liable, or accountable. Thus managers have the authority to give commands, and subordinates have the responsibility of carrying out commands. This authority-responsibility structure is in keeping with the paramilitary organization that traditional police management is modeled after. Delegation, or transferring authority, is a necessary and often difficult aspect of management because it requires placing trust in others to do the job as well as, or better than, the manager would do it. Seagull Management: manager hears something’s wrong, flies in, makes a lot of noise, craps on everybody and flies away. Characteristics of Effective Managers: Successful managers have: clear goals, a commitment to excellence, feedback, and support. In addition to these basic skills and tools, effective managers usually possess characteristics that help them succeed. Management Style Theories: â€Å"Theory X/Theory Y† – Douglas McGregor: Mangers act toward subordinates in relation to the views they have of them. Theory X views employees as lazy and motivated by pay. Theory Y views employees as committed and motivated by growth and development. The humanistic approach reflected in Theory Y is more effective in today’s work world. â€Å"Four System Approach† – Rensis Likert: System 1) is the traditional, dictatorial approach to managing people. This system generally exploits employees, and uses coercion and a few economic rewards. Communication flows downward from the top, and this is little to no feedback. System 2) is similar to system 1, except that economic rewards replace coercion. Some information on organizational development is permitted but not in opposition to management’s control. System 3) is more liberal, uses employee initiative and gives employees more responsibility. System 4) is participative management (the opposite of system 1). Final decisions are made by management but only after employees have added their input. Communication flows through the organization, and there is much feedback. Also includes team management, which is widely used today. â€Å"Mature Employee Theory† – Chris Argyris: Organizations and individuals exist for a purpose. Both are interdependent: organization provides jobs, and people perform them. Managerial/Leaderships Grid Theory† – Mouton and Blake: 1) Authority Compliance Management Style – the early autocratic authoritarian approach. Concern is for manager authority, status, and operation of the organization. 2) Country Club Management- managers are overly concerned with keeping employees happy at the expense of reasonable productivity. Concern for employees is utmost; concern for productivity is limited. 3) Impoverished Management – permits workers to do just enough to get by. Little real concern exists for employees or management. Little is expected and little is given. The prevailing attitude: ignore problems and they will go away. 4) Middle of the Road Management – the manager shows some concern for both employees and management but in a low key manner that is not productive. The manager is a fence straddler. 5) Team Management – The manager works with employees as a team, providing information, caring about their feelings and concern, assisting, advising, and coaching. Employees are committed to their jobs and organization through a mutual relationship of trust and respect. Goals are achieved as a team. The ideal approach. Difference between Initiating Structure and Consideration Structure: initiating structure looks at how leaders assign tasks. Consideration Structure looks at establishing the relationship between the group and the leader. Leadership Styles: Autocratic Leadership – managers make decisions without participant input; completely authoritative, showing little or no concern for subordinates. Mechanistic Model – divides tasks into highly specialized jobs where job holders become experts in their fields, demonstrating the â€Å"one best way† to perform their cog in the wheel; the opposite of the organic model. Organic Model – a flexible, participatory, science based structure that will accommodate change; designed for effectiveness in serving the needs of citizens rather than the autocratic rationality of operation; the opposite of the mechanistic model. Chapter 2 The Hierarchy of Authority: the structure of most police departments has traditionally been a semi military, pyramid shaped hierarchy with the authority flowing from the narrow apex down to the broad base. This formal organization is generally supported in writing by rules and regulations, department operational manuals and job description. Chain of Command: the order of authority; begins at the top of the pyramid and slows down to the base. Community Policing: decentralized model of policing in which individual officers exercise their own initiatives and citizens become actively involved in making their neighborhoods safer; this proactive approach usually includes increased emphasis on foot patrol. Problem Solving Policing: management ascertains what problems exist and tries to solve them, redefining the role of law enforcement from incident driven and reactive to problem oriented and proactive. Chapter 3 Stakeholders: those affected by an organization and those in a position to affect it. Goals: broad, general, desired outcomes; visionary, projected achievements; what business calls key result areas. Objectives: specific, measurable ways to accomplish goals; more specific than goals and usually have a timeline. SMART Goals and Objectives: objectives that are Specific Measurable Attainable Relevant and Trackable Functions of Managers at Various Levels: The first line level (sergeants, first line supervisors), the middle level (captains, lieutenants), the top level (chief, sheriff). At each level of management, responsibilities include planning, organizing, controlling and leading. Although the same activities are performed at each management level, the activities flow downward with each management level interacting with its subordinates. Tactical Planning: short term planning; this year’s work plans. Strategic Planning: long term planning; futuristic planning Chapter 4 Communication Process: the complex process through which information and understanding are transferred from one person to another. This process may involve written or spoken words or sings and gestures. Successful communication occurs when the receiver’s understanding of the message is the same as the sender’s intent. Jargon: nonsense or meaningless language Nonverbal Communication: messages conveyed by body language as well as tone of voice Body Language: messages conveyed by gestures, facial expressions, stance and physical appearance. Listening: the weakest link in the communication process Active Listening: includes concentration, full attention and thought Feedback: the process by which the sender knows whether the receiver has understood the message. Most feedback is direct and oral. Barriers to Communication: noise, time, volume of information, saying what others want to hear, certainty, bad word selection, prejudices, strained sender-receiver relationships Communication Enhancers: send clear messages; say what you mean and mean what you say. Select the best communication channel; focus on one-on-one, face-to-face communication, the most powerful channel available. Be open; investigate options rather than steadfastly clinging to the solution. Lines of Communication (Internal Communication): similar to channels of communication; may be downward (vertical) or lateral (horizontal) and internal or external. Downward communication includes directives from managers and supervisors, either written or spoken. Lateral communication includes communication among mangers on the same level and among subordinates on the same level. Grapevine: informal channel of communication within the agency or department; also called the rumor mill. Agenda: a plan, usually referring to a meeting outline or program; a list of things to be accomplished. Ways Police Communicate with the Community: annual reports, the internet.