Plato and Allegory of the Cave Final Paper - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 9 Words: 2662 Downloads: 5 Date added: 2019/08/12 Category Philosophy Essay Level High school Tags: Allegory Of The Cave Essay Did you like this example? Plato and Allegory of the Cave Final Paper By Haviland Fleming Haviland Fleming Professor Brad Bannon Political and Soc. Philosophy-01 14 November 2018 Platos story The Allegory of the Cave is an influential and pivotal philosophic text that created such a lasting affect that it is still taught in classrooms to this day. One of the primary reasons for this to be so monumental is that Plato addresses a wide variety of philosophical topics in this one work like Metaphysics, ethics, epistemology and many more. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Plato and Allegory of the Cave Final Paper" essay for you Create order The story of teaching of The Allegory of the Cave has been looked at, debated, and taught around the world for well over 2,000 years at this point and because of that the interpretation can vary depending on the reader. As we argue and debate what Plato was truly seeking to accomplish with his allegory and subsequent analysis, we should think about the argument he was trying to make from his perspective and whether or not he was successful. The correlation between the story of the cave and Platos analysis is quite interesting for any astute learner of philosophy. The world community as a whole knows quite a lot of The Allegory of the Cave due to it being taught in most learning institutions in the western world although a fair amount of individuals do not know that the story originally comes from a larger text known as The Republic. In the larger story of The Republic Plato contemplates attempting to communicate what he would argue would be the utmost ideal government. As he works through the story of the republic he is trying to provide evidence for all of his positions and his thoughts on government. His end goal with The Allegory of the Cave is arguably to convince the reader that politicians should not want to rule and lead for the sake of power, but they should rather be against the idea to rule in the first place. In Platos argument a ruler should instead lead his people out of compassion for those who are unenlightened, this is a reference to people who are similar to those in chains and facing the wall in the story of Platos cave. Pla to asks the question of why should the rulers be enlightened and not others so in his idealistic view the country should be ruled by a philosopher king, due to them being the ones who are qualified and enlightened enough to make these monumental decisions for the greater good of their people. Plato argues that if a ruler should command then they should have a love for wisdom and yearn for understanding as well as truth in order to rule fairly and intelligently to the people. There is no difference between a ruler who philosophizes and a philosopher becomes a ruler and in an ideal world all the kings are philosophers according to Plato. The Allegory of the Cave and the following argumentation is supposed to support the border argument that some people are truly enlightened and see things ten thousand times better than the inhabitants of the den, and that those people who see so much better are the ones that should be ruling the country although those people should also have the desir e not to rule. Since Philosophers were arguably the most enlightened people of all and since Plato wants them to take on the role of rulers and to rule with compassion, Plato specifically targets them with The Allegory of the Cave. In the actual writing, Socrates addresses Glaucon who is a student of his that he presumably is trying to lead to a state of enlightenment such as the men in the story. Socrates is acting exactly like one of the people in the allegory who has gone up to the light and is now returning to help the other people reach true understanding. Although Plato is not writing to people like Glaucon. I would argue that he is writing to people much more similar to himself and to Socrates. He is saying to fellow philosophers that they should be like Socrates and be the people that return to the darkness to help those still bound and dont know that they are enslaved. The argument that Plato brings forward to the people he is addressing is that they should do more then just enjoy the joy of their understanding but to go back to the darkness in order to help others become enlightened no matter the cost. Plato says that philosophers who are enlightened will most likely remember their old friends in the cave and felicitate themselves on the change, and pity them. While Plato is saying that this is what they will likely do, he is also saying that they should want to do this as well. Plato thought that in order to convince his audience of the point he has made he would have to present his inherently logical allegory first, this in hope would make the reader agree with him. To be fair one of the principle strengths in The Allegory of the Cave is Platos language and logic for most people would agree with the story although can disagree with its application to society. Plato layers his arguments one on top of the other to create an almost unshakable case that is quite hard to argue against. He does this by thinking of all possible angles and objections as he builds his stor y. For instance, the prisoners have always been in the cave, they have always been shackled and they have never been able to look around. In this hypothetical situation it is hard to argue the start of his argument because how would someone know they were in the dark if there was no conceivable way they could have seen the light. At times it seems obvious that Glaucon just has to agree with Socrates. While this is an allegory, all of Platos assumptions and examples seem very plausible and intuitive as far as the allegory is concerned; Plato has considered all of the angles and the possible objections making his argumentation that much stronger. He then makes a significant transition from this hypothetical example by claiming that it apples to the real world and to society. Plato makes the transition when he writes this entire allegory, I said, you may now append, dear Glaucon, to the previous argument. Plato is involving a little bit of trickery here by convincing the readers with the allegory and then leaping into his real agenda with how we should view the world and the state using the allegory as the foundation for it. In a way this could be one of the first uses of the bait-and-switch scam although I am not sure it was the first. He baits us by using a plausible hypothetical allegory and switches by diving into his philosophical agenda without giving logical reasons for the transition even when his allegory was logical. In order to assert that the allegory relates directly to real life, Plato should have given us some concrete evidence for that transformation. Philosophical arguments are usually built upon a priori logi c, reasoning, and empirical fact. An argument is made by presenting specific reasoning for believing in that said value or X (his assertion of the state). If I was to look at this from a formulate/mathematical perspective then assume A. if A then B. B equates to R, where R is real life, If B, then X. The issue with the argumentation is that how he does not give us reasons or empirical, a priori, to believe that B equates to R. In order to find this argument convincing, we should require Plato to provide additional reasons C and D to show that the move B equates to R is justified. So while The Allegory of the Cave might give evidence for what he is talking about, it is by no means a solid argument that an entire metaphysical and epistemological view on which the world should be based. There are additional ways in which the real-life application of the allegory of the cave can be disputed although Plato does not take the time to tell us how some of the specific items in the allegory translate to real life. In the allegory, the prisoners were restrained in such a way that it is difficult to deduce the truth of their circumstances if it was related to the real world. Plato says that most people live in such a way, but he does not say exactly how they are restricted. Apparently, the people in the allegory must be able to seek the light in some way because one man who made it out is able to do so. Plato does not answer several obvious questions like: why are others not able to do the same thing? Who was the first person to reach true enlightenment? Is achieving enlightenment a one-time event and do they have an encompassing knowledge of the world around them when they reach that enlightenment? Also the allegory seems patently unrelated to isses of the state or governme nt. The Allegory of the Cave discusses enlightenment and the search for knowledge, by Platos own admission yet he wants to take the allegory and make specific applications in regards to government and politics. While this makes sense as far as philosophers and enlightenment are concerned, it does not seem to harbor directly on the issues that he wish it would . The Allegory of the Cave is an important text that still has the potential to stimulate critical thinking about our nation, the world, and the nature of reality even in the year 2018. However, it is far from a conclusive argument for the world of forms. Plato has a very specific rhetorical purpose and target audience, and he uses a somewhat devious rhetorical strategy to attempt to sway them to his viewpoint. Despite a convincing analogy, the leap from the analogy to real life applications in clouded in mystery as it can and has been debated throughout the ages. When it comes to the in class discussion of Political and Soc. Philosophy we talked about this subject during the deration of a class period. The start of the class was consisted of people talking about the current events of the day and then we went into the implications of what went on in the allegory, we went over the men holding the prisoners there, the cave its self and the enlightenment aspect. Our first real discussion was asking if the prisoners looking at the shadows on the wall were actually prisoners. If a person is held although it is not against their will are they really a prisoner, some argued in favor and some against for this point. The other part of this question had to do with perspective because a person could only see that there were prisoners if those who were watching were enlightened so would a regular individual of the cave see a prisoner. The second point was talking about the people that were holding the prisoners there to look at shadows. Were they evil or are they even human, this point was talked about for a very short amount of time. The class then went on to the topic on enlightenment, which had many different points of view. Professor Bannon reminded the class that there are usually many forms of individualistic truth or the way an individual perceives a situation and he represented that by drawing a six sided die on the whiteboard that gave the representation that a person could say they see a 4 while another could say they see a 1 and both would be correct. When we talked about the enlightenment came into the debate there were many questions although someone asked if the enlightenment could be concealed within another cave that had another enlightenment around it. We talked about how if a person found himself or herself within enlightenment could see things much more clearly then if they were back in the cave. Once an individual sees the truth then they cannot ever go back to just looking at the shadows on the walls. We talked a little about what happens if a person enters enlightenment although they truly are in the dark and those chained to the wall are really the enlightened ones. We elaborated on what does it mean to be enlightened and the implications of that. We had the fun little exercise of trying to describe light to a person who has only seen darkness their whole life along with talking to a color blind person what color is. We went over how the man In the allegory goes from being within the dark and now being in the light. The class eventually talks about the encounter of the enlightened one with those in the back of the cave. How would a person tell them about light, the sun, colors, fragrances, grass, hills, dirt etc? Would they believe him or push him away. We talked about how if people hear something they really believe to be true is false then they can dig their heals in and say with vigor that they are right instead of accepting the new truth. The process of telling someone everything they ever though is wrong is a challenging thing to do and can kick a person out of groups, organizations and other things just for telling the truth. A part that the class focused in on was The duty to tell or the obligation to tell others about the enlightenment if a person themselves has found the enlightenment. Should the person who learned of the enlightenment leave into the world or go back to the darkness and tell his friends about what he has seen. The person probably knows there is a good chance they will b e rejected but should he still go. Many of the class argued in favor of this because a person has a conscious obligation to go and help free the friend even when they dont know per say that they are a prisoner. Should those who are better off help their friends or look after themselves when it comes to knowledge? The class talked about the differences between should we and we have to concepts, which didnt really come to any conclusion. We eventually said that if someone is enlightened and out of the cave that they have a moral obligation to go back into the cave to save their friends even if those friends hate him for it. There was some disagreement on this topic. As a class we tried to talk about real world application of this although it did not go to far due to time constraints on the class. We talked about North Korea being a somewhat good example of the cave having the normal population being those looking at the wall. If they dont know any better then what their government tel ls them then are they really prisoners Was an argument that was thrown around? When the people see America an the major evil of the world are they in a cave or enlightened? The class had many questions about this topic although at this point many students were packing up which signaled the arrival of 12:15 meaning the class was ending. Bibliography: Plato. The Allegory of the Cave. A World of Ideas: Essential Reading for College Writers. Ed. Lee A. Jacobus. Bedford/St. Martins: Boston, 2010. 449-457.Print Accessed November 14th 2018 Platos Allegory of the Cave: the Eye-Opening Ancient Version of the Matrix. Learning Mind, 5 Sept. 2018, www.learning-mind.com/plato-allegory-of-the-cave/. Smc. The Allegory of the Cave. Neuroscience For Kids Brain vs. Computer, 1 May 2015, faculty.washington.edu/smcohen/320/cave.htm. Lodhi, Anam. Education and Platos Allegory of the CaveThoughts And IdeasMedium. Medium.com, Medium, 21 June 2017, medium.com/indian-thoughts/education-and-platos-allegory-of-the-cave-bf7471260c50. Platos Allegory of the Cave: Life Lessons on How to Think for Yourself. Mayo Oshin, 26 Nov. 2018, mayooshin.com/plato-allegory-of-the-cave/.

Should Bipolar Disorder Be Diagnosed Children - 1731 Words

Should Bipolar Disorder be Diagnosed in Children? Emily Gell Brookdale Community College Manic depression disorder, more commonly known today as bipolar disorder, is a mental illness that can affect any age, race, or gender. It is not prejudiced, and has a grim prognosis if the symptoms are not treated or controlled in some fashion. Bipolar disorder is, by Boris Birmaher as the presence of recurrent episodes of mania or hypomania with and without episodes of depression (Birmaher, 2013). As explained by Hockenbury and Hockenbury, a manic episode can be sudden and escalates the emotional state of the individual causing them to have extreme euphoria, as well as more excitement, physical energy, and a more rapid thought and speech process. A depressive episode can also come on suddenly and leaves the individual in a lost state, where they are tired, and no longer find enjoyment from activities that they once loved and could lead to suicidal thoughts or actions (Hockenbury Hockenbury, 2014). A person does not mentally mature fully until about the age of 25. Meaning that a 25 year old has different brain processes than a 10 year old. Because of this, there have been many studies conducted on the controversy between whether or not bipolar disorder should be diagnosed in children and adolescents. 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It is possible to diagnose and treat bipolar disorder in children as long as the doctor is absolutely certain. There are multiple problems when it comes to diagnosing bipolar disorder in children. *come back and add more* A big problems is determining bipolar disorder in children because a child is hard to do an evaluation on. It’s not that children are liars and incompetent of telling peopleRead MoreBipolar Disorder : A Serious Mental Condition1174 Words   |  5 Pages Bipolar Disorder Bipolar disorder (BPD) is known to be a serious mental condition. Bipolar disorder is also classified as manic-depressive disorder. It is characterized as malfunction with the brain by mood changes that includes a persistent increasing activity or energy levels. This serious condition is first diagnosed in young adults or adolescence. Diagnosis Bipolar disease is first diagnosed in young adulthood or adolescence. Diagnosis is said to be obvious, when the patient is showing floridRead MoreBipolar Disorder1690 Words   |  7 Pagesï » ¿ Bipolar Disorder Abstract When many hear the words Bipolar disorder, they immediately think someone is borderline psycho. Known originally as manic depression, Bipolar Disorder is a mental illness that creates mood swings that affect an individual’s behavior and emotions, which can result in a lot of pain. This disorder has two types: Type I and Type II with both having manic and depressive phases in each. These phases are episodes that have symptomsRead MoreBipolar Disorder And Its Effects1660 Words   |  7 Pagespeople think of bipolar disorder, they may imagine a person who first is happy, jolly, and friendly. Then, the next moment that person is an angry, bitter, and irritated. According to many research studies, bipolar is much more than what people think. In this paper, I will elaborate on what bipolar disorder is, the differential diagnosis of bipolar disorder, the causes and risks, populations who are mostly affected and treatments to stabilize it. Bipolar disorder is a mental disorder. It appears

Leadership in a time of complexity Free Essays

Introduction A true and effective leader reacts to critical incidents especially in times of stress  and challenge. He sets an example and is clear about the â€Å"rules of the road† and then adheres to them along the journey. Clarity, consensus and intensity are three essential factors for aligning values of leaders with those of the followers. We will write a custom essay sample on Leadership in a time of complexity or any similar topic only for you Order Now The importance of shared values is that they channel and focus people’s energies and commitments. Leadership during a Crisis Leadership in critical times was clearly seen in the Hurricane Katrina which hit the Gulf Coast. The U.S. government agencies tasked with relief and rehabilitation operations seem to remain in limbo.   One of which is Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA), which reportedly delivered a mere 15 percent of the travel trailers and mobile homes that it hurriedly purchased for temporary housing. The Chicago Tribune reported that FEMA ordered 125,000 travel trailers or mobile homes after Katrina struck in order to provide housing for the estimated 600,000 people who have been displaced by that storm and Hurricane Rita, which hit eastern Texas and western Louisiana three weeks later. However, FEMA was only able to install 18,834 travel trailers in Louisiana and Mississippi and 494 more mobile homes in the two states.[1] Repercussions of the Hurricane There were also reports that a year before Hurricane Katrina hit the Gulf Coast, information technology utilized by the Homeland Security Department to support disaster management was so disconnected and inadequate that it was necessary for employees to develop ad hoc alternatives to supplement them. This was revealed by DHS’ inspector general in a derisive report. Conclusion Thus, to point our fingers to a single cause or leadership may be overly simplistic.   The slow and inefficient disaster response may properly be viewed as the effect of various factors, including, but not exclusively, the inadequacies of the FEMA officials.[2]   All these spread far and wide, up to the very top of the government and down to the local government officials. It is sad that there was no strong leadership to have prevented this disaster. In sum, we conclude that leaders do not achieve success by themselves. Exemplary leaders enlist the support and assistance of all those who must make the project work. They involve, in some way, those who must live with the results, and they make it possible for others to do good work. BIBLIOGRAPHY Martin, A. Hitches Show in FEMA Trailer Plan. The Chicago Tribune. Retrieved May 19. 2007 at: Memo: FEMA had problems before Katrina. USA Today. Retrieved May 19. 2007 at: http://www.usatoday.com/news/washington/executive/2005-10-17-fema-memos_x.htm ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; [1] Martin, A. Hitches Show in FEMA Trailer Plan. The Chicago Tribune. Retrieved May 19. 2007 at: http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/nationworld/chi-0511060220nov06,1,4411564.story?coll=chi-newsnationworld-hed [2] Memo: FEMA had problems before Katrina. USA Today. Retrieved May 19. 2007 at: http://www.usatoday.com/news/washington/executive/2005-10-17-fema-memos_x.htm ; ; How to cite Leadership in a time of complexity, Essay examples

Facts About Red Pandas free essay sample

Red pandas are mostly related to mustelids ( weasels, minks, etc) and raccoons, but also bears and pinnipeds (sea lions, otters, etc). They have reddish-brown fur, long, shaggy tails, upright ears, blackish eyes, and black noses. They also have thick fur, even on the soles of their feet, which offers thermal insulation. The head and body length of a red panda generally measures 20 to 25 inches, and their tails are about 12 to 20 inches long. They weigh between 12 20 pounds; they are around the size of a domestic cat. The average lifespan in the wild for a red panda is 8 years, but they live longer in captivity. They are native to temperate forests at high altitudes in southwestern China and the eastern Himalayas, with temperatures of 10 25Â ° C.Red pandas are mostly herbivores. The majority of their diet is bamboo, but they also consume fruits, roots, insects, and eggs, among other things. Like giant pandas, they mostly just eat and sleep due to their low-calorie diet. We will write a custom essay sample on Facts About Red Pandas or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Bamboo makes up 85 to 95 percent of their diet, according to the National Zoo. They have to consume about 2-4 pounds of bamboo a day since they can only digest about 24 percent of the bamboo they eat. According to the San Diego Zoo, female red pandas consume about 20,000 bamboo leaves a day. And heres a fun fact: red pandas are the only non primates that can taste artificial sweeteners.They are solitary, arboreal, and crepuscular. Their preferred temperature is between 17 and 25Â ° C, and they cannot tolerate temperatures over 25Â ° C. When they are overheated, they stretch out on branches and pant to lower their body temperature. When they are cold, they wrap themselves in their bushy tails. Sometimes, in very cold temperatures, they lower their metabolic rate and enter short dormant periods that last a few hours. When they wake up they search for food. Their predators include mustelids and snow leopards. When in danger, they try to escape by climbing trees or tall rock columns. Their red and white fur also aids them in camouflaging into birch tree branches, which are often covered in reddish-brown moss. If that is unsuccessful, they will stand on their hind legs to give the illusion that they are larger than they really are, and as a final resort use their sharp claws on their front paws to defend themselves, like cats. They also groom themselves like cats. Their scientific name actually roughly translates into shining cat.Red pandas use body-language to communicate, and also a variety of noises, such as squeals, whistles, hisses, and grunts. Unfortunately, red pandas are an endangered species, and declining rapidly, with less than 10,000 adults in the wild, according to the San Diego Zoo. This is mostly due to habitat loss and poaching for fur.

Baring Bank Case free essay sample

The Fall of sanngs sank The story of Barings Bank shows how overconfidence, coupled with poor internal control, can even bring down an historic financial institution. Below we provide a few teaching points. Nick Leeson seemed to have all the characteristics of an overconfident trader. As described in the chapter, excessive trading, lack of diversification, and too much risk were obviously present. Self-attribution bias seemed to play a major role. One commentator notes that Leeson got overconfident after initial trades were successful and] when he started to lose money, got way too aggressive trying to make it up. When Leeson was asked about his actions, he explained that l was determined to win back the losses [ ] I was well down, but increasingly sure that my doubling up and doubling up would pay off , thereby overestimating his abilities by thinking he could outperform the market even after severe losses. A case study into the affair concluded that it was overconfidence that led N ick Leeson to bet his reputation. We will write a custom essay sample on Baring Bank Case or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page But, as Saul Hansell of The New York Times stated, It isnt Just rogue traders loose annons stretching internal rules on trading desks who have destroyed their investors wealth. Money managers who play by the rules can get caught up short, too, when they fall to overconfidence about their mastery of the markets. He further wrote that, It is no secret that traders, as a class, are a young, independent and cocky bunch. The sheer size of the money they are Juggling can lead toa master-of-the- universe attitude. The Fall of Barings sank Barings Bank was founded in 1762 as the John and Francis Baring Company by Sir Francis Baring. This bank was the oldest merchant bank in London, financed the Napoleonic Wars, and was the Queen of Englands own bank. In 1996, one man, Nick Leeson, managed to bring down Barings Bank, one of the oldest and most conservative financial institutions in the world, through his illicit trading activity. In 1989, Leeson Joined Barings Bank. After being transferred to Jakarta, Indonesia to sort through a back-office mess involving EIOO million of share certificates, Leeson solidified his reputation within Barings when he successfully rectified the situation in 0 months. Lesson also knew how to account for derivatives, even if he did not fully understand the complexities of their pricing. Therefore, in 1992, when Barings opened a new office in Singapore to trade on the expanding Singapore Mercantile Exchange (SIMEX), Leeson became an obvious candidate to manage it. Senior management at Barings Bank assumed that Leeson would turn the Singapore office into a highly profitable endeavor and therefore gave him extensive responsibility. As eliminated the necessary checks and balances usually found within trading rganizations. Soon he was Barings Banks star Singapore trader, bringing in substantial profits from trading on the Singapore exchange. By 1993, Leeson had made more than Elo million, about 10% of Baringss total profit for that year. In 1994, he delivered over half of the E52. 9 million in revenue for his division on his own, making many proclaim him as the miracle worker. In his autobiography Rogue Trader, Leeson said the culture at Barings was simple: We were all driven to make profits, profits, and more profits I was the rising star. Aided by his lack of upervision, the 28-year-old Nick Lesson promptly started unauthorized speculation in futures on the Nikkei 225 stock index and Japanese government bonds. SIMEX regulators were aware of Leesons cross-trading activities, and his breach of their exchange regulations, but did not act decisively to stop him. Leesons large trading volumes were quickly becoming important for the exchange, and being a lightly regulated market was central to SIMEXs stra tegy to woo trade from neighboring Osaka. Using futures contracts, Leeson speculated that the Nikkei would rise.

Augustine essays

Augustine essays Augustines views on sin and sexuality were expressed in his writings, such as The Confessions, which later contributed in the birth of the Roman Catholic theory. As a young boy he was sexually active and he had a son when he was a teenager. Later on, he joined the Manichean sect, who believed that having children corrupted the world even more. These beliefs shaped his view that if a man marries he should have children, but that will prevent the full development of his mental and spiritual capacities. Pelagianism influenced Augustines ideas and views on sexuality; the belief that man can will himself to do good and that everyone was responsible for their own sins and actions. Augustines opponents believed that marriage and sexuality was linked to original sin, so therefore marriage and sexuality was condemned. Also, they believed that a newborn was sinful because he was conceived through a sinful act. As a defender of marriage, Augustine was careful not to imply! that a biological transfer of the parents sinfulness to the child existed. The way Augustine viewed a woman was a baby-making machine. Augustine felt that marriage was good if the intention was to have children, but sinful and wrong if marriage is used to fulfill ones desires and satisfy ones lust. ...

Foundation of Criminal Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Foundation of Criminal Law - Essay Example 31 (issued in 1970),  that defined recklessness as: " A person is reckless if, (a) knowing that there is a risk that an " event may result from his conduct or that a circumstances may " exist, he takes that risk, and (b) it is unreasonable for him to take " it, having regard to the degree and nature of the risk which he knows " to be present." With this definition, Lord Edmund-Davies explains that recklessness entails having a foresight of the outcome or its consequences, along with the â€Å"objective judgment of the reasonableness of the risk taken.3† Thus, Metcalfe and Ashworth differentiate Lord Edmund-Davies’ discussion with that of Lord Diplock’s speech saying that it lacked the supporting statutory interpretation.4 Metcalfe and Ashworth also pointed out the considerations made by the House of Lords in the R v G case. Lord Bingham stated that the Caldwell decision misconstrued the statute, particularly Section 1(1) of the 1971 Act5 and went against the ru le requiring that there be a â€Å"subjective mens rea† in case of serious crime conviction, leading to unfair results that might be â€Å"neither moral nor just.†6 Lord Steyn on the other hand, focused on the injustice of using Caldwell decision to children, citing the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child.7 The commentary also discussed the meaning of â€Å"recklessness† as ascribed by the House of Lords in the R v G decision. Lord Bingham adopted the definition cited in the draft criminal code of 1989 wherein a person is said to act recklessly if â€Å"with respect to (i) a circumstance when he is aware of a risk that it exists or will exist; (ii) a result when he is aware of a risk that it will occur; and it is, in the circumstances known to him, unreasonable to take the risk.†8 Metcalfe and Ashworth explains that from this definition, it can be deduced that â€Å"any awareness of any degree of risk satisfies the definition, and that the judgment of the unreasonableness of  a risk (when that issue is contested) is for the tribunal of fact.†9 With this, they foresee that this same definition may be used uniformly throughout the criminal law, except for judges who would substitute the term â€Å"reckless† with â€Å"gross negligence† necessary in a manslaughter conviction.10 Finally, Metcalfe and Ashworth discusses the question of legal policy as regards the liability of children, taking into consideration the differing standards applicable to children and mentally disordered people, from that of adults who are of sound mind and hence, should have been aware of the need to take care. In this case, they opined that the courts still sustain â€Å"strict liability for offences that may carry prison sentences of some length† and state that the legislature has emphasized on the objective standards especially in the Sexual Offences Act 2003, in that they introduced the â€Å"test of ‘absence of re asonable belief’ in consent to replace the previous recklessness requirement.†11 With this discussion of Metcalfe and Ashworth, it raised more questions than answers in definitely identifying the elements to be considered in criminal liabilities involving recklessness. Their discussion was not able to persuasively argue that indeed a different standard should be applied especially those concerning children, or having a subjective approach to the circumstance of a child or person at the time the act committed, rather than seeing a circumstance from an objective point of

Thomas Hobbes views on Hate Crimes Research Paper

Thomas Hobbes views on Hate Crimes - Research Paper Example In relation to this, aversion refers to the state of being repelled by the object that one hate and this refers to the presence of the object, which in turn leads to the hate for the object (Herbert 98). The above is a strong view on hate crimes in that it is based on this that he is able to place a distinct definition to depict the difference between love and hate, and how the two relate to one another. This is by definition of the presence and absence of all the aspects of an object or the object in its entirety to e hated or loved. As such, hatred is the presence of that which one would like to avert from, as well as the presence of aspects that are of negative appeal to the person in question. Hobbes view goes as far as stating that without the presence of order in an indefinite manner is likely to cause the perpetration of conduct and actions that people please to do. With this in mind, the crimes of hate are brought out in terms of the presence of order, in which case order is meant to restrict the general overview of hate in relation to aversion and the presence of undesirable elements in an aspect of an object or the object as a whole. As a result, Hobbes is of the view that laws or orders are the determinant of the perpetration of hate crimes, in which case they are used and are meant to act as restrictions towards people’s behaviors by constraining their desires (Vaughan 61). This is in relation to what they find pleasant or unpleasant, in which case order is the ultimate determinant of human behavior, where it dictates that which can be liked and to what extent. In addition, it determines what can be done and that, which cannot be done in relation to the hatred of the events that culminate in the hatred and what relates to the hatred occurring towards an object. As a result, Hobbes is of the view it is order that blocks unfavorable human conduct in relation to hate crimes making order the one way that hate crimes are avoided, and even eliminat ed altogether. In addition, the crimes of hate, according to Hobbes, morality is the main aspect that determines the application of love and hate, in which case, the two are based on being fit. As such, the fittest means to conduct life is termed to be the promotion of personal wellbeing, where this is the consequent of the derivation of morality from prudence (Replogle 571). This is to mean that Hobbes view on crimes of hatred is the presence of logic and morality to direct the behavior of a person as it is through logic, or rather reason that a person can direct him or herself in a responsible manner. Responsibility, according to Hobbes, is conduct that appealing to the logic of the social environment, in which case it is the social environment that determines the correctness and wrongness of one’s conduct (Michaelis 105). In addition, it is according to reason that crimes of hatred can be corrected as man can be shaped or influenced by the same environment to conform to it s moral standards, or even come up with his or her own moral codes that are based on prudence, reason and logic. As such, he brings up his view on the role of the society on influencing hate crimes, as a gauge for right and

The benefits of employees embracing and understanding the employers Research Paper

The benefits of employees embracing and understanding the employers CORE values - Research Paper Example When employees understand the company core values, they prove aligned with the company’s objectives. Values are long-term drive for mission and goal achievement. When these values are well formulated, stated, and understood, they make a business prosper. Concisely, values have played inevitable roles in a company such as, guiding business processes, articulation what the company stands for, governing and controlling employees relationships and guiding the organization on how to reward employees and the society as a whole (Rossenfield, 2009). They also offer guidelines on how to teach and train employees and decision-making. Values are thus key aspects for every organization focused towards organizational goals and objects as they contribute significantly to these. Benefits of core value It is arguable that, a company with well-set and understood cores value performs excellently. This is for the reason that, the working atmosphere is restricted by those principles; processes ar e conceded out within the standards. This makes sure that employees remain focused on the mission of the company. As a result, assets are well utilized, and high profits are acknowledged. When employees understand and work within the company value, they feel that their working environment is favorable. As such, the employee will show their increased interest to work for the organization for a long time (Blanchard, 2009). In return, there is talent retention and prospective employees with new talents and technology would be very willing to join such an organization. When a company has high employees’ retention, it cuts down on costs associated with recruiting and retraining new employees. Furthermore, core values persuade best people into a company by attracting, advancing, and maintaining the excellent personnel. Values test employees and consequently subject them to a constructive approach towards tribulations and decision-making processes. When employees identify with and h old on to the core values, customers are happy and willing to be linked with the company. As a result, customers have a propensity to purchase more, purchase time after time, and even share the experience amongst friends who come to purchase to have a feel of the company. This tightens the connection between the customer and the business hence a long-term bond between the company and the customers. This guarantees client value formation by remaining receptive and focused to customer needs and value delivery (Rossenfield, 2009). Core values ensure that there is one global network and a standard product. For example, if a company has several branches or outlets, these core values are applicable to all its outlets, therefore, maintaining a standard product quality and services (Blanchard, 2009). This creates a condition whereby customers experience exceptional service. In addition, core values govern employees’ personal relationships as they lay the platform on how interactions are to be done. The explanation of this is that the set code of conduct in the company helps create a healthy relationship. When employees behave as expected, chances of conflicts are minimal, eventually helping each of them to present their expected results towards the company’s growth. The management have smooth running because theirs is a clear cut on how employees should respond to their supervisors therefore, it enhances obedience and respect in a company.

The debate of nature versus nurture

The debate of nature versus nurture Debate on nature versus nurture focuses on individuals innate attributes also known as innatism as compared to personal experiences, also called empiricism, in influencing or determining personal differences in behavior and physical traits. Nature relies on the biological/genetical composition of individuals in determining behavioral as well as physical attributes on an individual. Genes originate from the parents and are unique between persons. The nurture orientation in shaping an individual focuses on the influence on a contextual environment of an individual in determining the attributes and character to be developed (Cummings, 2008). Introduction In context of homosexuality, the nature concept determines the possibility that a certain genetical combination during fusion of sex chromosomes naturally predisposes an individual to homosexuality. The implication is that a homosexual is born so and as such, any form of discrimination directed towards the homosexual is an issue of civil right since one did not choose to be so. On the other hand, the nurture concept displays homosexuality as a behavior instilled by the environment within which a person grows or interacts with. As such the parental, peer and other social environment, may contribute to homosexual attributes exhibited by an individual (Bozett, 1989). It can be easily understood that the physical characteristics are inherent from the parents, but its practically hard to comprehend that the behavior of an individual depends fully on the behavior of the parents such that it is genetically inherited. Studies indicate that a nature-given talent, ability or attribute can be e nhanced or inhibited by the environment in which a person grows in. As such both aspects of nature and nurture are in play in shaping an individual. Discussion Natures influence on homosexuality According to Shaffer (2008), siblings do inherit various physical characteristics directly from the biological parents. The traits may include eye color, height as well as predisposition ailments that are physical. Drawing from this later statement, human beings can as well inherit certain mental traits and attributes from biological parents. Mental characteristics may include susceptibility to attacks by certain mental disorders. Homosexuality, a personality attribute, is a mental state within a person that urges the person to have intimate relationship with individuals of the same sex/gender. As such, the mind of a homosexual houses an acquired composition or an orientation. The orientation to homosexuality may be coined in the autonomy or the divergent thinking characteristics all of which can be inherited from the parents. Indeed what society inculcates to people deprives people of their possible autonomy and divergence in thinking that would have developed them to completely dif ferent people. According to Nardi Schneider (1998), there is a biological relationship between personality of resultant sibling and the parents. For example, extroversion, which is the social and outgoing character in a person and neuroticism, which is the moody and over sensitivity behavior in a person. Furthermore, researches indicate that schizophrenia which is a psychological disorder characterized by confusion, delusions and scattered thoughts is genetically inherited. In fact, if a family member has the disorder, there is a possibility of there being others in the lineage. In addition, major depressions and alcoholism, which are psychological disorders has also been found to be hereditary whether the social environment is changed or not, (Soble, 2002). There is therefore a possibility of a gene that is independent of the larger society and defies the society to manifest itself in homosexuality. It is however important to note that from the Minnesota registry and Australian Registry twin studies, only thirty eight and thirty percent gay and lesbians respectively resulted from their twin brother/ sister being gay or lesbian (Brewer, 1999). From the studies, it can be deduced that the correlation is not perfect since it is not a hundred percent. As such, it may be suggested that g enes influence indirectly, though on average do not account for homosexuality sexual orientation. The aforementioned discussion leads to a conclusion that though the genetical passing over of human attributes contribute to homosexual habits; still there is/are other aspects in play to homosexuality. As such, while dwarfs, supermen and superwomen can blame their physical characteristic wholly on genetical combination, homosexuals cannot. The indication is that homosexuality is partly contributed by a decision and choice for it. Choice and decision comes to play with environment exposure which depicts the larger perspective of nurture. Nurtures influence on homosexuality The environment within which an individual grows and develops in has an influence on the resulting personality of such individuals (Mathew et al, 2003). Indeed, the development of language to be spoken is learnt from the interaction with the environment of an individual. The environment will include the physical as well as the social aspects of an individual. For example, a research conducted by Robinson in fiscal 1982 on the influence of nurture to homosexuality had the following details. Methodology The participants included two hundred and eighty five gay and forty seven lesbians from DIGNITY association, a homosexual association in USA. Each participant received a questionnaire via mail, responded to it and mailed it back to the researchers. The questionnaire assessed the couple status, past family life, demographic information as well as parental relationship with the individual respondents. The respondents were from diverse faith including Catholic, Protestant and atheism whose level of education was between high school and doctorate levels. Findings and discussion Seventy six percent of all respondents expressed their early life as full of care and love from their parents compared to twenty four percent who felt that their early life was unbearable. In addition, more than eighty percent expressed their parents approval of their behavior as they grew up as well as the current behavior as homosexuals. The findings reveal individuals whose family setups availed the care that children require while growing up. Socially, their parents supported them by offering approval of their conduct as they grew up. The implication is that homosexuality does not result from a neglected and unsociably individuals but from people who fit in the societal context. Furthermore, the participants expressed their parents satisfaction on the life and behavior of homosexuality that they had adopted. This further implies that homosexualitys acceptability was evident. The homosexuals who participated in this research indicate that the urge to homosexuality was not as a res ult of a mental force beyond their control but as a choice that they had made. Their level of education indicates that they would have changed their sexual orientation if they wanted but their energy was directed to making their relationship with homosexual partners stronger (Jones Yarhouse, 2000).). The deduction is that since homosexuality is a mental state in an individual and not a physical attribute, learned individuals, if they wish, can change if they suspect the behavior is a vice. The role of the environment comes to play in the sense the homosexuals gain acceptance by the parents and numbers. Moreover the religious faiths that represent a stronghold in many societies upheld homosexuality. Indeed, the support from the parents and the church accounts for a societys support. The aspects that the environment avails to human beings provide experiences for adoption in life (Schein Bernstein, 2008). These experiences shape the behavior of individuals. If the contextual society do not support expression of some behavior, the only possibility that such behaviour would sprout is if the behavior is genetically inherited or if the individuals displaying it are strong enough to accept the deviant labeling from the society. Conclusion In exploring the classification of factors that shape the behavior, many contemporary researches appreciate the role of both nature expressed in inherited genes as well as the nurture expressed as environmental experiences. Inherited mental characteristic need to be exercised and enhanced in the environment for it to be successfully propagated to the future generations. The culture which is the framework within which nurture takes effect definitely has a role to play in shaping up an individuals behavior. It is important for individuals to evaluate themselves and as independent entities compare their behavioral attributes to determine their compatibility with the environment. There may be instances when individuals display behaviour that is ideally unacceptable and hence such individuals would need to conform to the environment. In some other instances, individuals may need to explicitly explain their traits if they are ideally acceptable to fit them into the contextual environment. Either way, the influence of the environment display natural ways of eliminating expression of behaviour that is harmful in the environment. The genesis of homosexuality and indeed its acceptability remains both a nature and nurture contribution until other studies find it different (Boswell, 1981).

Extinct Animals Research: Woolly Mammoth :: essays research papers fc

Extinct Animals Research: Woolly Mammoth   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  We have learned much about the Woolly Mammoth almost more than any other dinosaur that has been identified. Due to the fact that the Woolly Mammoth so closely resembles today's elephants, care for them would most probably require most of the same factors to keep it alive. Since the Woolly Mammoth has been extinct for 4000 years, it is difficult to tell exactly what they lived on, but we can hypothesize.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Woolly Mammoth lived during the Ice Age, so if alive today, it must be kept in a tundra environment. For food, only basic tundra vegetation is necessary. Due to the thick pelt that the Woolly Mammoth has, any known Ice Age temperatures would suffice since the thick fur protects the animal in any extreme temperatures.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Large enclosures would not be needed as they would be for a normal elephant since the Woolly Mammoth is only three meters high. The huge tusks would allow it to scavenge for its own food, so no special feedings would be necessary. Feedings would also be needed on a less frequent basis since the Woolly Mammoth, much like today's camels, keeps under its sloping back a thick layer of blubber as nutrition when food was not needed.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The problem in keeping a creature such as the Woolly Mammoth in a zoo- like surrounding would be poachers. Due to the endangerment of such a magnificent species, poachers of pelts and ivory would most certainly be after it's huge tusks and thick furs, so it would be necessary to post guards around it's cage at all times.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A large-scale habitat would be constructed for this creature since, during the period it lived, the Pleistocene, there were no restrictions on the places it could roam to. There was nothing stopping this beast from stomping along to wherever it wanted to go. A Woolly Mammoth might find it peculiar to be stuck in a twenty foot ice field with no predators or other animals whatsoever.

Legal Research

Samaritan Smith slipped and fell on shampoo that had spilled In the health and beauty department of the grocery store in question. Ms. Smith had suffered a broken hip from the incident and is going to be spending the next few months in physical therapy. Ms. Smith has no health insurance and is a single mother of a 2 year old boy. After our complaints were filed In the courts; the grocery store alleges that Ms. Smith had a duty herself to avoid the spillage, but was too distracted by her young son to notice. The store feels that Ms. Smith should be held just as responsible as hey are in the case.The question being presented today, Is If both parties Involved are equally responsible? Ms. Smith does in fact possibly hold some sort of comparative fault in this case. The grocery store did complete their scheduled aisle check Just thirty minutes before Ms. Smith slipped. INDO. Code Ann. 534-51-2-5 (WEST 1998) states that â€Å"In an action based on fault, any contributory fault chargeable to the claimant diminishes proportionately the amount awarded as compensatory damages for an injury attributable to the claimants contributory fault, but does not bar recovery†.There are several factors in that can place Ms. Smith with comparative fault. The biggest fact being that she was not paying attention, because she was dealing with her 2 year old son. It does not seem that the store is not at all responsible for the injuries she sustained. Yes, the aisle check was done at the scheduled time, but it was checked by an older gentleman that wore prescription glasses. As in Wall-Mart v. Wright, 774 EN ad 891 (2002) where Wright was found at comparative fault and awarded 30% less In damages, this too could be the case with Ms. Grants Ms.Smith states negligence on the grocery stores behalf, but she too had a duty to pay attention to her surroundings. The grocery store in question has documented proof of an aisle check being done at 1 p. M. The shampoo could have spilled anyt ime between 1:00 and 1:30 p. M. In conclusion Ms. Smith could very well hold some comparative fault if the grocery store can prove that she was distracted enough by her child, that she was unable to notice the spillage. [Where are the headings in your memo? I have no idea where your memo components are. ] Wall-Mart stores Inc. V. Got, 774 EN ad 891 (2002) Wright originally sued Wall-Mart for Injuries she sustained when she slipped and fell on a puddle of water in the â€Å"Outdoor Lawn and Garden Corral†. Wright insisted Wall-Mart was negligent in the maintenance and inspections of the premises. Wright was found at comparative fault for not doing her duty as an Individual and shopper and paying attention In an area of the store where it was common for water to be on the ground. Description Weighting Possible Points Points Earned Content Student located a statute from the appropriate Jurisdiction.The statute that the dent located is on the appropriate issue and applied to the fact situation. Student provided proper citation of statutes. Student located a case from the appropriate Jurisdiction that interprets the statute. 32 Sentence Mastery Sentences are consistently grammatical. Major sentence-level errors, including fragments, run-eons, and comma splices, are avoided. Sentences are graceful, I. E. , they can be read aloud without awkwardness, awkward pauses, or running out of breath. Language is rich, precise, and vivid. 6 Grammar and Mechanics Spelling is proficient. Spellchecker has been used to avoid egregious errors.Grammar and mechanics are sound, including mastery of the following key elements: subject-verb agreement; verb form; appropriate punctuation and capitalization; apostrophe use; appropriate word use. There are no extra words, and there are not missing words. Organization and Format Organization and structure are clear and easy to follow. Writing shows clear purpose and orderly transitions from beginning to end. Sentences consistently est ablish this organization and flow rather than interrupt it. Format meets PAPA guidelines and Bluebook rules as appropriate, including use of title pages.There is no playful experimentation with fancy fonts. It is written for the appropriate audience. Citation Style Writing shows both internal citations in the body of the text as well as a proper list of references at the end of the paper, following PAPA or Bluebook format. Citations appear consistently where needed, whether following quoted or paraphrased material in the text. Note: In papers requiring secondary sources, failure to provide any citation does not result in a deduction of 10% from the paper, but will result in a failed paper and a plagiarism investigation.Total: 100% 60] Possible Points [50] Points Earned Additional Instructor Comments: FRIAR for Samaritan Smith scenario Facts [Your own paraphrase of the facts of Smith's problem in one or two paragraphs. This goes to the Analysis section, so do not skimp. ] Issue [Your own statement of Smith's problem in a single sentence in yes or no format. For example, â€Å"Can Samaritan Smith recover for the damages she endured as the result of a slip and fall at a local grocery store where shampoo had leaked upon the floor? â€Å"] Rule The citations and holdings from the two cases you located (one in Unit Three and one

ESL Dialogue About Having a Hard Time Finding a Job

ESL Dialogue About Having a Hard Time Finding a Job Original Conversation Mark: Hi Peter! How are you doing these days?Peter: Oh, Hi Mark. Im not doing very well, actually. Mark: Im sorry to hear that. What seems to be the problem?Peter: ... you know Ive been looking for work. I cant seem to find a job. Mark: Thats too bad. Why did you leave your last job?Peter: Well, my boss treated me badly, and I didnt like my chances of advancing in the company. Mark: That makes sense. A job without opportunities AND a difficult boss isnt very attractive.Peter: Exactly! So, anyway, I decided to quit and find a new job. I sent out my resume to more than twenty companies. Unfortunately, Ive only had two interviews so far. Mark: Have you tried looking online for a job?Peter: Yes, but so many of the jobs require moving to another city. I dont want to do that. Mark: I can understand that. How about going to some of those networking groups?Peter: I havent tried those. What are they? Mark: Theyre groups of people who are also looking for work. They help each other discover new opportunities.Peter: That sounds great. Ill definitely try some of those. Mark: Im glad to hear that. So, what are you doing here?Peter: Oh, Im shopping for a new suit. I want to make the best impression possible at my job interviews! Mark: There you go. Thats the spirit. Im sure things will look up for you soon.Peter: Yes, youre probably right. I hope so! Reported Conversation Mark: I saw Peter today.Susan: Hows he doing? Mark: Not too well, Im afraid.Susan: Whys that? Mark: He told me had been looking for work, but hadnt found a job.Susan: That surprises me. Was he fired or did he quit his last job? Mark: He told me his boss had treated him badly. He also said he didnt like his chances of advancing in the company.Susan: Quitting doesnt sound like a very wise decision to me. Mark: Thats true. But hes been working hard at finding a new job.Susan: Whats he done? Mark: He said he had sent out his resumes to more than twenty companies. Unfortunately, he told me that only two had called him for an interview.Susan: Thats tough. Mark: Tell me about it. However, I gave him some advice and I hope it helps.Susan: What did you suggest? Mark: I suggested joining a networking group.Susan: Thats a great idea. Mark: Yes, well, he told me he would try a few groups.Susan: Where did you see him? Mark: I saw him at the mall. He told me he was shopping for a new suit.Susan: What?! Buying new clothes and no work! Mark: No, no. He said he wanted to make the best impression possible at his job interviews.Susan: Oh, that makes sense. More Dialogue Practice - Includes level and target structures/language functions for each dialogue.

Profile Example

Profile Example Profile – Essay Example Personality Profile: Gary Desir Gary Desir is not your typical college He may sport as a typical but there is more than him that meets the eye. He may frequent the club as any young man his age or immersed in movies and music as anybody would do, but that is not all him. He may look like a social butterfly but he knows his priority – to get an International Business Degree from Johnson and Wales University. H ecould play tought being a football player, but he is more than the sport. He does all this and having fun because he wants to make the most out of life but he does not lose sight of his goal. As he said â€Å"eyes on the price† meaning not to forget the degree even if he indulges with what life can offer. He may look like indulgent but that does not scratch the surface. Even as he enjoy life and enrolled in one of the prestigious universities in the country, He is actually a grateful man. He knows and he does not forget that he is lucky to have the life that he h as. He is no stranger to struggles because his father came from Haiti who experienced hardship but made it in life. He is thankful for his father for making his life better and intends to make it better by getting a degree and becoming a successful entrepreneur someday.

Whale Printing Company Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Whale Printing Company - Case Study Example The case is about a printing company that has been offered a job to print 10,000 copies of a marketing brochure within five days. The printing company has been offered a price of $700 for the job and this report analyzes the cost of the job and its benefits to the company and then suggests what decision should be taken by the President of the company, Victory Hussey. In addition to this, the report also analyzes non-accounting factors that could influence the decision of Victory Hussey while accepting or rejecting the job. Victor Hussey is the president of a printing company known as Whale Printing Company and he has been offered a job by the president of Salter Associates, Katherine Salter. The job is to print 10,000 copies of a promotional brochure but the deadline of the project is tight and it has to be completed by Friday noon. Price agreed by the Katherine Salter previously is $700 for the printing work and Hussey has to either accept the job or reject it. The following table explains the cost of this project which includes; direct labor, direct material, overheads as well as the selling and administrative expense for Whale Printing Company. As the total cost of the project is $810 whereas the revenue of the project earned would be $700, therefore by accepting the project, Whale Printing Company would have to incur a loss of $110. Therefore the job offered by the president of Salter Associates, Katherine Salter should not be accepted. Variable costs are the costs that would change with changes in the output of the company and as company produces more or increases the output, variable cost of the company would increase. Whereas, fixed costs do not vary with the changes in output of the company and as output increases, fixed cost of the company remains fixed (Khan, 1993). If the job is not completed on time, then it would hurt the image of the company and customers might not trust the wordings of Mr. Hussey in future. It is important to built long term customers for every company instead of looking for short term profits and as the deadline of the project is tight and if it is accepted and deadline is not met, then it would be a long term loss for Whale Printing Company. Plus the project itself is not acceptable in terms of profitability; therefore there is no reason why Mr. Hussey should accept the job.

Pharmaceutical Industry in United States Assignment

Pharmaceutical Industry in United States - Assignment Example The Company conducts business in virtually all countries of the world with the primary focus on products related to human health and well-being. The paper presents the financial ratio analysis of Johnson & Johnson for the past three financial years and highlights its financial outlook. The ratios presents the company’s financial outlook is strengthened and is able to manage its finances prudently. The ratio analysis shows that the company has enough liquid assets through which it can pay off its liabilities and also can finance its operation for the foreseeable future. Moreover, the company is efficient enough, as represented by the ratios, to reduce its cash operating cycle and convert its sales into money quickly. The analysis shows that it would be prudent to invest in the company as the shareholders can earn significant return through capital gain, by disposing the shares later, and also through dividend. Introduction to the Pharmaceutical Industry in United States The top of the worldwide pharmaceutical market is the US and it is expected to hit almost $345 billion in 2014. The second largest market is the Japanese market and then the European market including Germany France, and Chinese market (Market line industry guide, 2012). However, the International Federation of Pharmaceutical Wholesalers (IFPW) shows that growth rates in developed and developing markets based on their capability to recover from the economic crisis is significantly inconsistent. According to the research of Urch Publishing (2012), the global pharmaceutical industry in 2014 is expected to be worth over $1 trillion with a 5% compound annual growth rate. The pharmaceutical industry becomes more competitive. Major competitor companies Company HQ location Pharmaceutical Segment Sales Total revenue Share of pharmaceutical segment $Million $Million % Johnson & Johnson US 25,400 67,224 38% Pfizer US 51,214 58,986 87% Novartis Switzerland 32,153 56,673 57% Merck US 40,601 47,267 86% Roche Switzerland 35,200 45,500 77% Sanofi-Aventis France 39,940 42435 94% AstraZeneca UK 43,143 43,143 100% GlaxoSmithKline UK 27,758 40,722 68% Eli Lily US 19,934 22,603 88% Source: 2012 Annual Report of the companies As Table5 shows, the majority of the largest pharmaceutical companies not only focused exclusively on pharmaceutical products such as AstraZeneca and Sanofi-Aventis but also developed and manufactured other health care products. However, they still regard pharmaceutical partitions as the core of their business that offer over 50% of their incomes. However, Johnson & Johnson is an exception because its sales of pharmaceutical products are 38% of total sales. I will analyze GlaxoSmithKline firstly because it is significant competitor of AstraZeneca in the UK. GlaxoSmithKline (GSK) is a science-led global healthcare corporation researches and develops a wide range of innovative products. GSK is Britain’s biggest drug maker (Hirschler, 2012). A balanced synergisti c business, with multiple growths, drivers supporting a core pharmaceutical R&D operation (2010 Annual report, p3). It has three primary areas of business including Pharmaceuticals, Vaccines and Consumer Healthcare. It has created more diversified business for past five years. Moreover, delivery of sustainable growth across portfolios is GlaxoSmithKline’s objective. It has 87 manufacturing sites and R&D centers in the UK, USA, Spain, Belgium and China. Its purpose of R&D is to improve its pipeline products safely and efficiently to produce new medicines, which deliver improved treatments that

Life mistake Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Life mistake - Essay Example Over time, my naivety led me to yield to such pressure and I began indulging in unacceptable social behaviour. This paper will describe this significant life mistake that I made years back. I remember clearly that turning 12 was an exciting event. When I was ten years old, my mother had told me about the challenges teenager faced during adolescence. She had tried to guide me and prepare me for the most significant transition from childhood to adolescence. Despite her efforts to prepare me, adolescence came sooner than I thought and brought about multiple changes in my life. Many of my friends had the conviction that, the adolescent stage presented an opportunity for them to explore different things that adults did (Pickhardt, 2011). Since I was confused and faced an identity crisis as I grew older in the teenage years, I faced a constant temptation to please my friends. Therefore, I tried out all the things they suggested. Initially, I did not see any harm in joining my friends in their ventures as the activities they indulged in were exciting. However, with time, my friends began to adopt habits that were considered socially wrong. For example, they encouraged me to try out smoking when I was only fourteen (p. 23). Personally, I was against smoking because I knew its numerous side effects, but, the pressure from my friends to prove myself an adult using the puff was overwhelming, so I eventually gave in. Smoking was not the worst thing that I did as a result of yielding to peer pressure. I became overly rebellious and would often sneak out at night to go to clubs and theatres. This continued for sometimes despite the warnings from my parents and teachers who had noticed that I had changed. Although they tried to counsel me, I was unwilling to accept counsel at that time. However, on one fateful night, when my friends and I were out clubbing, the security officers realized that we were

Fluency in a Foreign Language Essay Example for Free

Fluency in a Foreign Language Essay Thesis: Fluency in a foreign language should be required for all students before graduation from high school. Introduction: In a world of advancing technology and higher education, it is imperative that students take the time to develop unique talents and skills in order to gain a competitive edge over the average individual. I. Fluency in a foreign language builds character. A. The time and commitment required from students to learn an entire new alphabet and vocabulary builds diligence. B. The achievement realized by students as they begin to understand and converse in a second language produces confidence. II. Fluency in a foreign language builds life skills. A. The ability to converse fluently in another language with an entirely new realm of people builds communication skills. B. The readiness to alternate between languages with family and friends builds flexibility skills. III. Fluency in a foreign language creates unique opportunities. A. Fluency in a foreign language gives unique traveling opportunities. B. Fluency in a foreign language creates unique job opportunities Fluency in A Foreign Language Should Be Required For All Students Before Graduation From High School In a world of advancing technology and higher education, it is crucial that students take time to develop unique talents and skills which will give them a competitive edge over the average individual. Though many doubt the ability of fluency in a foreign language to advance students in society, businesses, educational systems, governmental offices, and health care departments are all eager to hire students with skills in foreign languages. As globalization becomes more prevalent, foreign language skills are quickly becoming a vital factor in preparation for the future. Fluency in a foreign language should be required for all students before graduation from high school. First of all, fluency in a foreign language builds character. The time and commitment required from students to learn an entire new alphabet and vocabulary builds diligence. According to Walter Pauk, a prominent professor of education at Cornell University, developing an open mind to new phrases and grammar structures along with finding the time required to practice them are two difficulties commonly encountered when studying a foreign language (Pauk 2). Young mindsets are impressionable, and habits are installed early on as students begin to discover and incorporate grammatical structures particular to their mother tongues. In order to break these habits, students in foreign language study must constantly open their minds to accept new rules that are introduced. While relearning and sounding out basic vowels, students must also adjust to sentence patterns that have been completely inverted. Students learn to work efficiently with limited time allowances available between their busy schedules of daily life, striving to move beyond formerly learned language habits. Distractions are pushed aside as students repeat new sentence patterns, rewrite new alphabets, and reread literature that seems to make no sense. The Department of Education from the University of Pennsylvania reports, â€Å"The nature of language immersion teaches students how to stick to difficult tasks. This diligence translates to better performance on exams, because students will be more likely to persist on challenging problems† (in White 2). Regardless of how difficult a task appears to be, students who have mastered another language view the situation simply as one giant project to be conquered bit by bit. Constant and sincere effort spent learning a foreign language produces a firm determination in students to persevere and achieve their set goals. While the important character trait of diligence is being formed through foreign language study, the achievement realized by students as they begin to understand and converse in a second language is also producing a separate character trait of confidence. Introductory lessons in a foreign language start out as seemingly impossible to master, yet in due time begin to make sense. Excitement escalates as the brain starts functioning in another language and continues beyond the first few lessons alone. Dincay, a professor at Istanbul Arel University, notes, â€Å"the feeling of accomplishment that comes with [students’] first steps toward a second language can spur them on to a deeper and broader passion for learning in general† (Dincay 1). Students who reach an expertise level in foreign language carry that same capability acquired first through language studies over into other realms of life, producing competent results beyond areas concerning language alone. In her article, â€Å"Benefits of Being Bilingual,† Marcos writes, â€Å"Studies suggest that persons with full proficiency in more than one language (bilinguals) outperform similar monolingual persons on both verbal and nonverbal tests of intelligence† (Marcos 1). Proficiency in a foreign language develops a needed sense of accomplishment in students, enabling them to move on and conquer other tasks and responsibilities with rare poise and fortitude. They realize that unlike monolinguals, their lives are not confined to one culture alone, but can easily extend to impact an incredible realm of people throughout their lives. Fluency in a foreign language builds character traits such as diligence and confidence, both needed in daily life yet hard to produce. Secondly, fluency in a foreign language builds life skills. The ability to converse fluently in another language with an entirely new realm of people builds communication skills. Students unfamiliar with another country’s language will find it more difficult to understand and accept the specific guidelines associated with the language; however, as Ting-Toomey, professor of Human Communication studies at California State University, writes in her book, â€Å"To the native speakers, the rules of their language make perfect sense and are naturally more logical than those of any other languages† (Ting-Toomey 86). Fluency in a foreign language carries students far past the simple phrases of â€Å"Hello,† â€Å"How are you,† and â€Å"I love you,† and allows them, like the natives, to converse comfortably through a completely foreign vocabulary and grammatical set-up. Once students comprehend and begin to intelligently utilize a foreign language, they are able to understand and relate to the society and culture in a way that many never will. Ted Ward, Dean of International Studies and Missions for a time at Trinity Evangelical Divinity School, writes in his book that â€Å"a highly competent level of [foreign] language skill allows [students] to conceive ideas and communicate them in a way that is synchronous with those of the people of the host culture† (Ward 154). Whereas monolinguals are often confined to the society of others who speak their language, students fluent in a foreign tongue are free to get involved in a second world. Benefits produced from the time and effort spent in mastering another language include filling out visa forms, reading public newspapers, and ordering from local restaurant menus with ease. Teaching, debating, and participating in discussions with words and phrases making the most sense to native speakers are yet other privileges opened up to students with foreign language skills. Along with better communication, the readiness to alternate between languages with family and friends builds flexibility skills. Bhattacharjee, author of the article â€Å"Why Bilinguals Are Smarter,† states, â€Å"In a bilingual’s brain both language systems are active even when he is using only one language, thus creating situations in which one system obstructs the other† (Bhattacharjee 1). Students must constantly determine which language their listeners will understand and recall the correct words and grammatical format to use with that particular language. Though it might seem terribly overwhelming at first, Bhattacharjee concludes that â€Å"this interference . . . isn’t so much a handicap as a blessing in disguise [,] . . . [forcing] the brain to resolve internal conflict, giving the mind a workout that strengthens its cognitive muscles† (Bhattacharjee 1-2). Students fluent in a foreign language respond immediately to one picture, sentence, or idea with two answers from two different languages. Sometimes one particular language carries a better explanation or definition than another, and for the student fluent in a second language, the opportunity is open to decide which language better suits certain situations. Definitions go beyond one explanation alone, and society life is extended to two worlds rather than one. Students can be taught, or teach others from two vastly different spheres of humanity and not be overwhelmed. Third and finally, fluency in a foreign language creates unique opportunities. Fluency in a foreign language gives unique traveling opportunities. While discussing various advantages given to foreign language students, Dincay shares that although thousands of people gain from their travels across the globe each and every year, it is the bilingual students, particularly, which receive the much broader traveling experience. While everyday tourists remain simply outsiders peering through a glass into another country’s unique culture, those familiar with and fluent in the native tongue are able to step beyond that glass barrier and enjoy their visits with full easy and liberty (Dincay 2). Whether visiting historical landmarks, using public transportation systems, or shopping in local markets, students fluent in the foreign language of the country are not restricted to taking pictures, relying on others’ directions, or following suggested prices. They may raise questions over history, follow posted transportation signs, and bargain for better values. Fluency in a foreign tongue gives traveling students an opportunity to stand out with something special that most tourists cannot claim. In his book Why Johnny Should Learn Foreign Languages, Huebener states, â€Å"The American businessman who can speak the foreign tongue fluently and who can make intelligent comments on the art and literature of the country will gain not only the business but also the respect of the person he is dealing with† (Huebener 46). Tremendous time and energy are required to reach fluency in a language, and communicate incredible care and consideration to the country’s citizens as the student is seeking to enter their world and communicate with them on a much more intimate level than sign language alone. Many societies take great pride in their native language and culture and when another individual has developed a firm knowledge and unders tanding of it, the natives, in turn, form a strong appreciation and respect for these students that many outsiders have not taken the time to earn. Fluency in a foreign language does not only create unique traveling opportunities, but also gives unique job opportunities. As the world advances in higher education and technology, men across the globe are seeking to make resources available to all. As one director in the Center for Applied Linguistics shares, â€Å"The need for individuals who can speak and understand languages other than English is acute . . . from business and social services to national security and diplomacy† (Malone et al. 1). A stronger focus on internationalism is emerging, making interaction with people from different linguistic backgrounds inevitable. Washington State University advertises a brochure that considers careers such as â€Å"government, business, law, medicine and health care, teaching, technology, the military, communications, industry, social service, and marketing† to be promising fields for students fluent in a second language, namely because â€Å"an employer [sees them] as a bridge to new clients or customers† (â€Å"Knowing Other Languages Brings Opportunities† 2). Students fluent in a foreign language can easily connect businesses with customers from a wide array of linguistic backgrounds and handle international business without hiring outsiders to translate. Proficiency in a second language is a skill envied and sought after by several employers as they seek to hire a staff to serve and elevate their organization to its maximal potential. Fluency in a foreign language should be required for all students before graduation from high school. The advantages produced from foreign language fluency are incredible and the opportunities limitless. Students are set up for successful futures in modern society as they leave high school and transition into the career world as young adults, able to communicate freely and work confidently in global communities around the world. The foundation laid is vital for young people going out to begin their adult lives in today’s world. Bibliography Bhattacharjee, Yudhijit. Why Bilinguals Are Smarter. The New York Times. The New York Times, 17 Mar. 2012. Web. 15 Oct. 2012. Budig, Gene A. Foreign Language Study Vital to U.S. Students. Lawrence Journal World (8 May 2010): SR12. LJWorld.com. Web. 9 Oct. 2012. Dincay, Turgay. Advantages of Learning a Foreign Language at an Early Age. Todays Zaman. Todays Zaman, 25 Nov. 2011. Web. 9 Oct. 2012. Hawkins, Eric W. â€Å"Foreign Language Study and Language Awareness.† 1999: 124-42. Web. 2 Nov. 2012. Huebener, Theodore. Why Johnny Should Learn Foreign Languages. Philadelphia: Chilton Company, 1961. Print. â€Å"Knowing Other Languages Brings Opportunities.† New York: Washington State University, n.d. Foreign Languages and Cultures. Washington States University. Web. 4 Nov. 2012. Malone, Margaret E., et al. Attaining High Levels of Proficiency: Challenges for Foreign Language Education in the United States. CAL.org. Center For Applied Linguistics, 2005. Web. 2 Oct. 2012. Marcos, Kathleen M. Benefits of Being Bilingual. CAL.org. Center For Applied Linguistics, n.d. Web. 09 Oct. 2012. Pauk, Walter. Studying Foreign Languages. UWEC.edu. University of Wisconsin-Eau Claire, 13 Jan. 2012. Web . 7 Oct. 2012. Ting-Toomey, Stella. Communicating Across Cultures. New York: Guilford, 1999. Questia. Questia. Web. 2 Nov. 2012. Ward, Ted W. Living Overseas: A Book of Preparations. New York: Free Press, 1984. Print. White, Mercedes. Language Immersion Classrooms: Programs Are Popular, Diligence Translates to Performance. Deseret News. Deseret News.com, 29 Jan. 2012. Web. 1 Nov. 2012.

Investigating the Energy Released of Ethanol and 1-pentanol

Investigating the Energy Released of Ethanol and 1-pentanol 1.0 Introduction Combustion reactions are always exothermic, due to the substances (fuels) releasing energy through combustion (temperature increases), which the change in enthalpy () is negative value. All fuels of this experiment are alcohols – ethanol, 1-pentanol and two mixtures of them with different ratios (90%:10% ; 80%:20%), which are the most common organic compounds. Alcohols contain the hydroxyl functional group (-OH) (Diagram 1) bonded to an alkyl group’s carbon atom (Chemwiki, 2014). The classification of alcohols depends on the number of carbon atoms are attached to the carbon atom that is attached to OH group. Both ethanol and 1-pentanol are primary () alcohols, which only one carbon atom is attached to the carbon atom with the OH group (Chemiwiki, 2014). Secondary () and tertiary () alcohols are when two and three carbon atoms are attached to the carbon atom with OH group, but they would not be used in the experiment. In this experiment, 1-pentanol () (Diagram 2) has the longest carbon chain (five carbon atoms) of the fuels, which is expected to produce the highest amount of heat during combustion (), and ethanol () (Diagram 1) has the lowest number of carbon atoms (two carbon atoms), which is believed to release low energy during combustion (). During combustion, the fuel/alcohol reacts with oxygen which produces carbon dioxide and water vapour. It is believed that the greater the change in enthalpy value, the more efficiency of the fuel and more energy will be released. The energy released is calculated through bond energy and measured data, which the heat of combustion of water is divided by the number of moles of the fuel used (). All fuels used in the experiment are hydrocarbon, which is when the carbon atoms joining together form different bonds. There are three main groups of bonding types (Diagram 3): alkanes, alkenes, and alkynes (Encyclopedia Britannica, 2015). Ethanol and 1-pentanol are both alkanes, that they only contain single bonds between carbon atoms; whereas, alkenes and alkynes group contain double and triple bonds between the carbon atoms. The calculated enthalpy change of energy is only an approximation, as the bond energy value for each bond is only an average. In addition, the bond energy value provided for each bond is measured in various states for different situations. This accounts for the difference between the calculated and the actual (Harcourt Education, 2007-2010). 4.0 Discussion 4.1 Analysis By investigating the energy produced during the combustion of different fuels, a linear increasing relationship (Figure 3) was discovered that the longer the carbon chain lengths (larger molar mass) in each fuel molecule, the higher energy released during combustion. Due to two of the fuels being mixtures, the number of carbon was hard to define; hence, the molar mass was used to compare with the average enthalpy. According to Figure 2, the average enthalpy and the fuels’ molar mass had a linear relationship, that the larger molar mass of the fuel, the higher the heat of combustion. Ethanol had the lowest molar mass of 46.069g and 1-pentanol had the highest molar mass of 88.15g (Table 2), hence ethanol had the lowest average heat of combustion (668.6403kJ/mole) whereas 1-pentanol had the highest value (1588.2183kJ/mole) (Table 1). There was a large percentage increase of 137.53% from ethanol to 1-pentanol, which supported the increasing trend and the significant difference in Figure 2. Since a longer carbon chain lengths contain more C-H and C-C bonds (more bond energies) which produce more C=O and O-H bonds ( and ); more bonds would be needed to break and larger level of energy released. Figure 1 clearly illustrated that the secondary and calculated data both supported the increasing trend as the blue and orange bars continued to rise with the increase in molar mass. Thus, 1-pentanol was expected and justified to be the most efficient fuel for this experiment. Mixtures of ethanol and 1-pentanol were used to explore whether ethanol would have a great impact on 1-pentanol and the mixture with ratio of 90% ethanol and 10% 1-pentanol was expected to be the most efficient fuel in real life context. Through calculations, both mixtures had larger values of heat of combustion than pure ethanol; hence, ethanol had an impact on 1-pentanol as the percentage change of the mixture with 10% of 1-pentanol was 22.78% and 20% of 1-pentanol mixture was 39.40% in comparison to pure ethanol. Theoretically, the percentage change of the mixture with 20% of 1-pentanol should be more efficient than the mixture with 10% 1-pentanol due to it produced more energy, which it did have a higher value of energy (933.9340 kJ/mole) released than the other mixture (820.9308 kJ/mole). However, the Australian Government regulations would have a proportion of 10% ethanol in petrol (Biofuels Association of Australia, 2014), due to most petrol used in gasoline and diesel engines (in Australia) have an expansion ratio of 10:1 for premium fuel or 9:1 for regular fuel, and some other engines have ratios of 12:1 or higher (Wikipedia, 2015). Therefore, although the mixture with 20% 1-pentanol had higher efficiency than mixture with 10% 1-pentanol, the hypothesis was justified that the mixture with a ratio of 90% ethanol and 10% 1-pentanol was a more efficient fuel for petrol because it had a more most efficient ratio in real life, whereas the mixture with ratio of 80%:20% would be not as effective and may require different design/structure of engine or cause damage to the engine. 4.2 Evaluation The trials of the experiment were completed with consistency, although heat loss occurred, the increasing trend still applied through measured, secondary and calculated data. Moreover, heat loss occurred throughout the whole experiment which justified the consistency, thus the experiment was valid. From Table 3, the average percentage error showed that the mixture with ratio of 80%:20% was the most accurate fuel with lowest percentage error (44.74%) and pure 1-pentanol was the least accurate and had the highest percentage error (50.35%). All percentage errors were mainly caused by heat loss, which was probably due to incomplete combustion occurring during combustion as some black substances were on the bottom of the small cans after burning, which would have reduced the fuel efficiency so more mass of fuel was used. The insufficiency of oxygen caused incomplete combustion to produce carbon monoxide and water vapour, which could be avoided by washing off the char on the can after use each time to ensure the fuel efficiency in the next trial. Fibreglass was used as insulator wrapped around outside the big can, it could be improved by wrapping another layer of cellulose insulator (mainly made of shredded newspaper and mixed with several of chemicals to reduce its flammability) for the next experiment to increase energy efficiency. Fibreglass’ main weakness is that its incapability of blocking air from passing though, whereas cellulose insulator has higher density which would limit the air movement and prevent air-leakage better (Binford C, 2011). The non-consistency of the flame may have reduced the fuel efficiency as well, due to the flame was not stable while burning, but this could be overcome by conducting the experiment with a diminished-scale of compartment and calorimeter (over the top of the flame and cans) to investigate the maximum heat released rate and the combustion efficiency. The precision between all trials of pure ethanol, 1-pentanol and the mixture with 10% of 1-pentanol were good as the results of mass used of fuels were consistent. However, there was a big anomaly due to heat loss, occurring in the second trial of the mixture with 20% of 1-pentanol that the mass of fuel used was 0.65g, which was approximately 9.25% higher than the other two trials. The anomaly may be due to the air-conditioning was just starting which affect the room temperature and the temperature around the flame. This could be improved by completing the experiment at a certain room temperature with no air-conditioning, and it would keep the consistency of surrounding’s temperature. The experiment could be extended by changing the percentage of ethanol (e.g. 10% of ethanol), based upon the Australian Government that most petrol have 10% ethanol because at this ratio ethanol produces the most efficient energy (justified in Analysis). It could be extended by using mixtures rat io of 50%:50% of ethanol and 1-pentanol to explore which fuel would have a greater impact, as well as mixtures with ratios of 10%:90% and 20%:80% of ethanol and 1-pentanol to investigate whether mixture with 10% of ethanol had the most fuel efficiency. Another way to extend this experiment is to use different concentration of fuels used in the original experiment, by adding water or evaporating the fuel (heating – increase the temperature) to decrease the concentration of fuels, then burn the fuels and calculate the mass of fuel used to then find the heat of combustion to investigate whether the trend of increase in carbon chain lengths/molar mass causes increase in the fuel efficiency still holds. 5.0 Conclusion In summary, the experiment was investigating the energy released of ethanol, 1-pentanol and their mixtures with ratios of 90% ethanol and 10% 1-pentanol and 80% of ethanol and 20% of 1-pentanol during combustion. Furthermore, the results of all fuels’ energy released were shown to obey the trend of increasing in carbon chain length (molar mass) lead to the increase in energy released, and the mixture with ratio of 90%:10% was discovered to be the most efficient fuel ratio for petrol as the Australian Government uses. Therefore, the hypothesis was justified that pure1-pentanol was the most efficient but when relating to real life circumstances fuel mixtures containing a ratio of 90%:10% were the most efficient for petrol.